iabetes is a condition that occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. Some people are born with this condition or has the onset of diabetes at an early age. This is called juvenile diabetes or type 1. Type 1 diabetes usually requires insulin injections. The onset of diabetes later in life is called type 2. Type 2 diabetes can be treated and in most cases prevented with simple lifestyle changes.

There have been several factors in the cause of diabetes type 2, but none are definitive. Some studies indicate heredity, obesity, and living a sedentary lifestyle. Also, there are insulin abnormalities that can be the cause of diabetes type 2.

Insulin Abnormalities-
Muscle cells can become resistant to insulin which make excessive insulin to compensate for the resistance. What then happens is a drop in insulin production.

Obesity-
Too much body fat causes the body to work harder to make insulin. Extra sugar is stored in the body as fat, which makes losing weight harder.

Heredity-
Having a sibling or parent who has diabetes means that your are more likely to develop diabetes.

Age-
Nearly 20% of adults over the age of 65 commonly have diabetes type 2.

What Causes Diabetes

Now the main cause of diabetes is currently obesity and with 30% of the USA clinically obese it is no wonder that 24 million people suffer from diabetes in the USA alone. As you can see diabetes is a growing illness and with more and more people being diagnosed with diabetes it is important that you know what the main causes of diabetes are.

A second important cause of diabetes is diabetes being inherited through the bloodlines. A major cause of diabetes which is brought down through generations, however it does not mean that if your father or gran father has diabetes that you will also be diagnosed with diabetes merely that you are at a higher risk. Therefore you should watch out more for the symptoms of diabetes.

To ensure that you are at a lower risk of being diagnosed with diabetes you need to have a healthy and balanced diet of protein, fibre, carbohydrates and a low percentage of fats. Exercise is another great way of not only staying healthy but decreasing the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes. Regular exercise 3-5 times a week will not only keep your heart rate and blood levels in the right places but also ensure you are maintaining your body and reducing the risk of diabetes.

Treatment

1. Reduce the levels of carbohydrates

Chose carbohydrates with a lower glycemic index. That is, carbohydrates that converts into blood glucose relatively slower. More companies are now supplying information on glycemic index. Kicking out the sweets, biscuits and cakes and substituting with appropriate fruits and vegetables would certainly be a step in the right direction.

Eat more regular and smaller carbohydrate or food portions throughout the day instead of having “one-off ” large main meals. This keeps your insulin levels lower.

2. Increase fat levels

There are many misconceptions about fat intake. Much of it is caused by deception from companies with their clever advertising and marketing methods of selling cheap and nasty health threatening fats and oils. A selection of margarines, deep-fried foods and cheap and nasty oils such as rapeseed, canola, soy and cottonseed oils are examples. Trans-fats should be avoided. Consumers may be totally unaware of the damage these fats and oils can do to the body.

Good fats help to promote the mechanism by which the body’s cells take up glucose from the blood. Learn to discern these from the nasty ones. They include naturally occurring fats like omega-3 fatty acids, flax seed oils and fish oils…

Rich jammes

Diabetes is a growing health problem in the world today. Did you know that approximately 20.8 million children and adults are diagnosed with diabetes in the United States alone? These numbers are growing every day. The exact cause of diabetes is not clear, however, lack of exercise and obesity are huge factors in the development of diabetes. This article will give some general information about diabetes.

Glucose is considered the body’s fuel. We get glucose from the foods that we eat. It is not just sugar alone that is converted into glucose, but also starches and carbohydrates are chemically broken down into glucose. Without glucose your body would not function. All muscles and major organs in your body need glucose. But how does the glucose get to the proper destinations?

Insulin is the hormone that distributes the glucose to the liver, fat cells and muscles. A diabetic does not produce enough insulin or for some reason, his body is not able to process it effectively. When this happens the glucose stays in the blood and produces high blood sugar.

Diabetes can be classified into the following three types:

Type 1 Diabetes

In type 1 diabetes the body produces little or no insulin and daily injections of insulin are necessary to sustain life. This type is usually present from childhood and is also called insulin dependent diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes

It is the more common type of diabetes and usually develops in adulthood. With type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to effectively use the insulin produced. Most type 2 diabetics are managed by diet and oral medications.

Gestational Diabetes.

This type develops during pregnancy and usually goes away after the birth of the baby.

It is important to know the risks factor of diabetes. One of the biggest risks factors is a family history. If you have a parent or sibling with diabetes, your chances of developing diabetes are very good. Also being over 45 years of age, being obese, having poor eating habits or being of African American or Native American descent can increase your chance of becoming a diabetic.

If you have any of the above risk factors, be aware of the warning signs of diabetes. Contact you doctor if you have any of these signs and symptoms:

- Increased appetite
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Slow healing cuts or infections
- Increased amount of infections
- Blurry vision

If you are diagnosed with diabetes, treatment will usually involve diet changes and oral medications. In more severe cases, insulin injections may be prescribed.

Diabetes is manageable if the proper treatment regimen is followed. Talk with your doctor and a good diabetic educator. Have your doctor set you up an appointment with a registered dietician. She can show you what you can and cannot eat on a diabetic diet. Check your blood sugar levels frequently. Educate yourself about all the treatment options out there. Lose weight and become more active. Getting a diagnosis of diabetes is no reason to stop living.

Jeff Wilson
http://www.articlesbase.com/non-fiction-articles/introduction-to-diabetes-126238.html

It is now estimated that a billion people worldwide exhibit some form of Syndrome X that includes glucose intolerance, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. It’s just one step away from getting full blown diabetes.

Diabetes is not a death sentence. It can be reversed or even avoided if you make the changes necessary and resolve to live a healthier lifestyle. That includes a better diet, more exercise and the elimination of smoking, drinking and reducing your stress level.

You can help yourself live healthier by taking natural supplements that can help you regulate your blood sugar whether you are currently non-diabetic, pre-diabetic or already have diabetes.

1) Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA is an antioxidant that helps protect against cell damage caused by free radicals. It improves blood flow and increases sensitivity to insulin so the body can better absorb glucose. It is found in some foods such as spinach, broccoli and potatoes.

2) Chromium can be found in meats, fish, legumes, cheese, rye bread and brewer’s yeast. 90% of Americans do not get enough chromium in their diets. Chromium works with insulin to open the cell membranes so they can better absorb glucose. It decreases LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and increase the good HDL levels.

3) Coenzyme Q10 acts as an antioxidant and triggers beta-cell functioning in the pancreas which produces the insulin necessary to move glucose out of the bloodstream. It lessens heart damage. 50 to 100 mg per day is the recommended dose.

4) Magnesium improves insulin response, glucose tolerance and improves the fluidity of red blood cell membranes in diabetics. Seeds, nuts, legumes and green leafy vegetables are rich in this herb. Both magnesium aspartate and magnesium citrate are good sources of magnesium. Take 25 mg of B-6 to help move magnesium into the cells.

5) Before insulin was discovered, vanadium was used to help control blood sugar. In the form of vanadyl sulfate it helps control the rise of glucose after meals. Mushrooms, shellfish, parsley, dill and black pepper are good sources of vanadium.

6) Bitter melon is a cucumber-like plant that grows in Asia, South America and Africa. It helps to lower blood sugar. Just 2 ounces of the juice was shown to improve glucose levels in 73% of type 2 diabetics in one study. You can brew a tea from charantia, a form of bitter melon.

7) Gymnema Sylvestre grows in the tropical regions of India and was used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. In one study, twenty-two type 2 diabetics were given 400 mg of Gymnema extract along with their oral medication. All experienced improved blood glucose control and 5 of therm were able to discontinue their drug use. It enhances the action of insulin. Dosage is 200 mg two times a day.

Fenugreek seeds were used in folk medicine to treat diabetes. In order to lower blood sugar, about 15 to 50 grams twice daily is needed. The active ingredients is the soluble fiber of fenugreek and the alkaloid trigonelline. It’s helpful for both type 1 and type 2 diabetics.

But as good as supplements are they will do little good unless you take a full approach to change the lifestyle that is making you sick. Eliminate the bad food in your diet, your stress level, your smoking habits and get the exercise you need are the only ways to prevent you from joining the millions who now suffer from the consequences of diabetes.

Mario Carini

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the glucose metabolism is affected, causing the level of glucose in blood to increase (hyperglycaemia). Glucose can be found in the urine too in patients who suffer of this affection. The accumulation of glucose in blood is caused by an insufficient secretion of insulin or by a malfunction of the insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and its role is to take the glucose from the blood and make it enter the cells of the body which use it for producing energy.

If the glucose metabolism is affected the body gives signals to the brain which will increase hunger and so more food will be eaten. This way the glucose level in blood will increase more rapidly causing toxic products to appear (ketones). If these products are not discovered soon they will cause diabetic ketoacidosis which is a life-threatening condition.

Treatment of diabetes focuses on lowering the level of glucose in the blood and on protecting the patient from the consequences this disease causes.

Diabetes is classified into three types: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.

The first two types are chronic affection and the third one disappears after pregnancy is done.

Type 1 is known to occur during childhood and was named as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pancreas is not able to produce the insulin any more as the cells responsible to this process have been destroyed by the body. These patients require insulin injections permanently.

Diabetes type 2, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus occurs mostly during adulthood. In this case the insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities or it is not effective on the body cells.

Type 1 is not as frequent as type 2 is. In 1995 there were known to exist 430,700 Australians who suffered of diabetes. 19% of them were affected by diabetes type1. The rest were considered to be mostly type 2 diabetic patients. Nowadays scientists believe that for every diagnosed type 2, there is one other undiagnosed type 2 patient.

In some cases diabetes is a result of a misuse of certain drugs, or a result of a different affection like: endocrine diseases, pancreatic diseases, infections, genetic diseases, and misusage of drugs and chemicals.

The treatment will help the patient control the level of glucose in blood and ameliorate the symptoms; the doctor will also help the patient letting him know what he is allowed to eat and what he must avoid; will advise him what to do when he feels sick and will tell him where he can procure his diabetes supplies.

So, if you want to find out more about type 1 diabetes or even about symptoms of diabetes please follow this link http://diabetes-info-center.com/

Groshan Fabiola
http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/general-information-about-diabetes-mellitus-118512.html

Salacia oblonga Indian herb also known as Ponkoranti. It has
been used by Indian natives since ancient times to effectively
manage Diabetes. This is a effective cure for type 2 diabetes.
Reduction in blood sugar levels can be observed within 5 days of
usage. It is also a strong weight gain inhibitor and effectively
controls weight gain commonly associated with type 2 diabetic
patients.

The recommended dosage is 1000 mg twice daily. To purchase this
medicine visit www.salaciaoblongacapsules.com write to
info@salaciaoblongacapsules.com

LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS HERB ON
www.nutrasolutions.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/news…

http://www.newstarget.com/005986.html

http://www.news-medical.net/?id=7685

For Salacia Oblonga herb Capsules and Extract Write to Botanika
herbalpowders@operamail.com treeseeds@operamail.com
treeseeds@rediffmail.com : : : : WWW.SALACIAOBLONGACAPSULES.COM
Traditional Indian medicine, herb Salacia oblonga may help treat
diabetes Posted By: News-Medical in Medical Study News
Published: Tuesday, 8-Feb-2005 Printer Friendly Email to a
Friend : : : : Herbs used in traditional Indian medicine to
treat diabetes seems to lower blood sugar and insulin levels in
a manner similar to prescription drugs, a new study reports.
Researchers gave extracts of the herb Salacia oblonga to 39
healthy adults, and the results were promising. The largest dose
of the herb extract – 1,000 milligrams – decreased insulin and
blood glucose levels by 29 and 23 percent, respectively. : :
“These kinds of reductions are similar to what we might see with
prescription oral medications for people with diabetes,” said
Steve Hertzler, a study co-author and an assistant professor of
nutrition at Ohio State University. : : Salacia oblonga, which
is native to regions of India and Sri Lanka, binds to intestinal
enzymes that break down carbohydrates in the body. These
enzymes, called alpha-glucosidases, turn carbohydrates into
glucose, the sugar that circulates throughout the body. If the
enzyme binds to the herbal extract rather than to a
carbohydrate, then less glucose gets into the blood stream,
resulting in lowered blood glucose and insulin levels. : :
“Lowering blood glucose levels lowers the risk of
disease-related complications in people with diabetes,” Hertzler
said. “Also, poor compliance with diabetes medications often
hinders the effectiveness of these drugs. It may be easier to
get someone to take an herb with food or in a beverage, as
opposed to a pill.” : : The study appears in a recent issue of
the Journal of the American Dietetic Association. : :
Thirty-nine healthy adults participated in four separate meal
tolerance tests. These meals, which were given in beverage form,
were spaced three to 14 days apart. Each participant fasted for
at least 10 hours before consuming the test beverage. : :
Participants were asked to drink about two cups’ worth of the
chilled beverage, which contained zero, 500, 700 or 1,000
milligrams of Salacia oblonga extract. Afterward, the
researchers used the finger-prick method to draw blood samples
from each person every 15 to 30 minutes for three hours. These
blood samples were used to determine insulin and blood glucose
concentrations. The biggest changes in blood glucose and insulin
levels usually happen within the first two hours after eating. :
: The beverage that contained the highest concentration of the
herbal extract – 1,000 milligrams – provided the most dramatic
reduction in insulin and blood glucose levels. Insulin levels
were 29 percent lower, while blood glucose levels were 23
percent lower as compared to the control drink, which contained
no herbal extract. : : As Salacia oblonga can cause intestinal
gas, the researchers had the study participants collect breath
hydrogen samples hourly for eight hours after drinking the test
beverage. The participants collected their breath in small
plastic tubes. The researchers then analyzed these breath
samples for hydrogen and methane content – the level of either
substance in the breath corresponds to the level contained in
the colon. : : The subjects also rated the frequency and
intensity of nausea, abdominal cramping and distention and gas
for two days after consuming each test meal. : : While the test
beverages containing Salacia oblonga caused an increase in
breath hydrogen excretion, reports of gastrointestinal
discomfort were minimal, Hertzler said. : : Right now he and his
colleagues are trying to figure out what dose of the herb is
most effective, and when it should be taken relative to a meal.
: : “We want to know how long it takes for the herb to bind to
the enzymes that break down carbohydrates,” Hertzler said. “The
participants in this study took the herb with their meal, but
maybe taking it before eating would be even more effective.” : :
The researchers also want to study the effects of Salacia
oblonga in people with diabetes. : : “A lot of studies show that
lowering blood sugar levels reduces the risk for all kinds of
diabetes-related complications, such as kidney disease and nerve
and eye damage,” Hertzler said. “We want to see if this herb has
this kind of effect.” : : Salacia oblonga is still relatively
difficult to find in the United States, Hertzler said, although
there are manufacturers that sell the herb through the Internet.
: : This study was supported by the Ross Products Division of
Abbott Laboratories in Columbus. : : Hertzler is continuing to
conduct Salacia oblonga studies with the Ross Products Division
of Abbott Laboratories. He has no links to the company beyond
this affiliation. : : Hertzler conducted the work with former
Ohio State colleague Patricia Heacock, who is now at Rutgers,
the State University of New Jersey; Jennifer Williams, a
clinical scientist with Ross Products Division, Abbott
Laboratories; and Bryan Wolf, a former research scientists with
Ross Products Division

Goldie
http://www.articlesbase.com/advertising-articles/ayurvedic-medicne-for-type-2-diabetes-287.html

To compare the role of glibenclamide and pioglitazone drugs in type 11 non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Introduction:-

Diabetes comes from the greek word for ‘SIPHON” which one is the first term and implies for a lot of urine is made .The trm “mellitus” comes from a laton word, “met” which means “honey” and was used because the urine was sweet (Wheeler,2004)

Diabetic ketaocidosis is one of life threatening condition requiring some data hospitalization and treatment. Recognition of this condition is of almost importance, because even small delays can have an impact on survival (Nattrass, 2006). Hypoglycaemia are involved in insulin induced episodes in individuals with diabetes. Probably the major factor prescribing, insulin treated patient from achieving the glucose targets needed to prevent diabetic complications. The incidence of hypoglycaemia reflects the inadequancy of current mathods of insulin delievery which lead ot inappropriately high insulin concentration, particularly some persons after eating more foods at night onset of blindness and also a major risk factor heart disease and stroke

(Heller, 2003).

TYPES OF DIABETE MELLITUS

Type II diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder associated with, b -cells dysfunction and with varying degree of insulin resistance primary pathogenic factors leading insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes and decreased insulin, secretion which arise from abnormalities with in liver, skeletal muscle and pancreatic b -cells (charles & clark, 1996).

GESTATIONAL DIABETUS MELLITUS

SECONDARY DIABETUS MELLITUS:

Secondary diabetes is due to disease of the pancreatic and endocrime system, genetic disorders, or exposure to chemical agents.

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insluin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that produces inslulin

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes(IDDM),is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produces insulin.Type-1 diabetes occures most often in children and young adults but it can occures at any age.(Anderson et al 2007).

Type-11 diabetes is not straight uprward. A pancreas that does not produce enough insulin. Liver that release too much glucose,muscle cells that do not readily take in glucose.(Carren 2008)

Many genetic factors are involved in the development of diabetes.Because of new genetic methodology researchers are closers to identifying all of the cadidate gene for both non –insulin dependent and insulin dependent diabetes(Bernhard,1995).

Woman who had gestation diabetes are more likely to develop Type-11diabetes themselves.Pergnant women with diabetes are another disadvantaged group.They need much more intensive antenatal care and close monitoring of blood sugar,blood pressure and weight.(jawed2006)

Over weight children the progression of child obesity into adulthood is associated with early develop of complications, including IgpG2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Type diabetes is the most common clinical form of diabetes accountingforabout 90% of all cases,it is currently undergoing world wide epidemic. Type 11diabetes mellitus is caused by body’s infective use of insulin, it is often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity(WHO 2007).

PREVALACES& IINCIDENCE

:

Diabetes mellitus increases with aging, in 200 the prevalance of diabetes,it was estimated to be 0.19% people<20 years old and 8.6% in people>20 years old.There is considered geographic variation in the incidence of both type-1 and type-11 diabetes mellitus.Scavandinvian has the highest incidence of type-1 diabetes mellitus e.g in Finland, the incidence is 35/100,000 per year the pacific rim has a much lower rate in japan and china the incidence is 1 to 3/100,00 per year of type-1 diabetes mellitus, Northern Europe and the United States share an intermediate rate (8to17/100,000 per year).The prevalence of type 11 diabeties mellitus is highest in certain pacific island, intermediate in countries such as India and the United States, and relatively low in Russia and China.This variability is likely due to genetic, beharioral and enviromental factors(Power 2005).Diabettes mellitus prevalance also arises among different ethic population within a given countries it is common inall ethnic groups its prevalance increased with age and more than 5% of individuals of more than 65 years of age have diabetes mellitus (David Owerback 1988).The World wide prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically over past two decades.The prevalence of type11 diabettes mellitus is expected, type 11 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent among Hispanies Native Americas,African,American,and Asians, pacific Islanders than in non- Hispanic whites,the incidence is essentially equal in woman and men in all populations. Type 11 diabetes is becoming increasingly common because people are living longer,and the prevalence of diabetes increases with age it is also seen more frequently now than before in young people, in association with the rising prevalenceof childhood obesity although type11 diabetes still countries with the estimated nubers of cases of diabetes in 2000and 2030.

Rank Country

2000 Individuals country with diabetes (milloins)

Country

2030 Individuals with diabtes (Million)

India

31.7

India

79.47

China

20.8

China

42.3

USA

17.7

USA

30.3

Indonesia

8.4

Indonesia

21.3

Japan

6.8

Pakistan

13.9

Pakistan

5.2

Brazil

11.3

Russian federation

4.6

Bangladesh

11.1

Brazil

4.6

Japan

8.9

Italy

4.3

Philippines

7.8

Bangladesh

3.2

Egypt

6.7

(Wareham& FOROUHI 2OO6)

DRUG TREATMENT OF DIABETIES MELLITUS

:

Biguanides lower blood glucose, they increase glucose uptake and utilize in skeletal muscle there by reducing insulin resistance, and reduce hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis).Lower blood glucose, addionally reduces low denisity and very low denisity lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL) respectively. Metformin has a half life of about 3 hours and is excreted unchanged in the urine.Clinically metformin used in type 2 diabetic who are obese and who fail treatment with diet alone.Adverse effects are produced dose related gastrointestinal disturbances e.g anorexia,diarrhoea,nausea,lactic acidosis rare but potentially fatal toxic effect.(Dale,2003).

Improving insulin sensitivity by activating certain genes involved in fat synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism Rosigilitazone and Piogiltazone are currently approved.Thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones do not cause hypoglycemia when used alone,although they are usually taken in combination with sulfonylurease.

In some incouraging studies, thaiazolidiniones have produced very favorable effects on the heart, including reducing blood pressure and improving triglycerides and cholestrol levels including increasing HDL level,the good cholestrol. They may also block a molecule called 11 Best HSK that may play a significant role in metabolic syndrome,as well as diabetes type11. One study also sugessted that Rosiglitazone may even improve beta cells functions and so help prevent progression of diabetes.Anemia, weight gain, increased risk of fluid buildup, may worson heart failure.Troglitazone,was withdrawn after a few reports of heart failure.Liver failure abd death.Current Thiazoldinediones don not appear to pose the same effects on the liver although there have been a few reports of liver injury.

In patients with dietry failur the choice of a sulfonylurea agent or insulin therapy has been controversial and empric in favour of insulin therapy are the studies, who reported marked improvement post receptor diagnostic after intensive short term therapy in untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus (Scarlett et al,1984) Sulfonylureas further classified into two groups or generations based on their potency,duration,drug interaction,side effects profiles. Sulfonylureas enhance insulin action in cells in culture and stimulate the synthesis of glucose transporters (Jacobes et al 1998).A sulfonylurea drug should normally be the insulin secretagogue of choice, NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) also recommends that a generic ,drug should be perscribed (Scsade et al1998).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This study was conducted in the deprtment of Pharmacololgy and Therapeutics,Basic Medical Science Institute,Jinnah,Postgraduate Medical Centre,karachi under kind supervision od DRr:GhulamRsool Mashori,Associate Professoer and Head OF Department Of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in colloboration with Medical Outpatient Department Unit111 and Filter Clinic, Medical Department, JPMC,Karachi.

Seventy NIDDM (type-II)diabetic patients were initially enrolled in the study from the filter clinic/ out patient department Medical Unit III ,and diabetic clinic.Out of this 60 diabetic patients were associated in whole period of study, remaining 10 patients were dropped due to poor comlpiance or change in residential place.All the patients were divided in two main groups,groupI and in group II these patients were selected in this study according of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

:

• Newly diagnose patients of non Insulin Dependent Diabtes Mellitus.
• Diagnsed patients of diabetes also including having no any history medication.
• Having either sex of age between 30 to 60 years.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Insulin Depedent Diabetes Mellitus who were treated with Pioglitazone.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Imsulin Depedent Mellitus, who were treated with drug Glibenclamide.

EXCLUSION CRIRERIA

:

• Patients suffering from blood pressure.
• Patients suffering from liver disease.
• Patients suffering from cardiac disease.
• Pregnancies and lactating women.
• Patient suffering from renal disorders.
• Patients having serious complications.

MATERIAL:

1. Lacets.
2. Lancet Hlder(Abbots easy touch TM2 lot 03 Asee).
3. Glucometer(Medisense) optilim one touch(Abbotts).
4. Blood glucose nest trpis (IVD for Invitro diagnostic use (Abbott Labortries,Medisense UK Ltd,Abigngdon,Ox14ITR,Masde in UK). Stored between minimum 30?, (4°-30° C) and Maximum 40°C (39°-86°F).
5. Weight Machine Model No 1101 Lot No.312. TANTIATA.

DRUGS

Tab:Daonil 5 mg (Aventis Pharma)

Drug category:Sulphonylurea.

Generic Name: Glibenclamide.

MFGLIC:No.000007 RegistrationNO.000220

MFG Date:0-06

EXP Date:7-10

Lot NO:B230

Tab:piozer (Hilton Pharm) PvtLTd.

Tab:Poizer 15mg

Drug category:Thaiazolinedione.

Generic Name:Pioglitazone Hydrochloride.

MFG LIC: O.000136 Registration No.03270

MFG Date:3-06

EXP Date:3-o9

Lot No:6287

Tab: Poizer (Hilton Pharma)pvt ltd.

PARAMETERS:

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS).

Random Blood Sugar (RBS).

Weight.

Key words:Diabetes mellitus,Non-insulin diabetes mellitus,Insulin depedent diabetes mellitus, Daonil,poizer,Insulin.

RESULTS:

Table 1

Weight and Blood Sugar level observed on baseline day 0

In group1 and group11

Group 1

Group 11

Pioglitazone n=27

Glibenclamide n=33

Weight

63.37

+ 2.25

¯

62.7

+ 15.56

¯

Fasting Blood Sugar

172.7

+ 13.32

¯

188.42

+ 12.o5

¯

Random Blood Sugar

285.11

+ 15 .532

¯

284.18

+ 17.07

¯

All Values are expressed in Means± SEM.

FIGURE-1 weight and blood sugar levels observed on baseline (day-o)

In table No shpwing the weight (KG’S) and blood sugar (msg/dl0 levels which is observed on baseline (day-0) in both groups 9group: 1 & group11)

Group: 1 Weight in (Kg’s) mean + SEM) IS 63.37±2.25 Fasting blood sugar 172.7±13.32,and Random

blood sugar 285.11±15.32

Group:11

Weight (KG’s0 (mean +SEM)62.7±1.56 Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl0 188.42±12.05, Random blood sugar is 284.18±17.03.

Figure 2: showing the weight and blood sugar levels observed in base line (day-0) in group: 1 and group 11 weight in 9kg’s) its mean values are 63.37,62.7, Fasting blood sugar in (mg/dl) is 172.71, 188.42 Random blood sugar (mg/dl) is 285.11 &284.18.

TABLE: 2

Peroidic Observation In All Parameters Group1

Goup1(Pioglitazon) n=27

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0to45

Day-45-90

Weight

63.37

±2.25

63.63

±2.26

63.63

±2.23

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

Fasting blood sugar

172.7

±13.32

165.04

±8.98

153.37

±7.59

>0.05

(NS)

0.05

(NS)

Randomblood sugar

285.11

±15.32

279.78

±13.63

255.56

±12.65

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM .(NS) Non significant.

Showing the periodic observations in all parameters in group 1 (piogiltazone) (n+27) weight P.value (day 0 to day 45)>0.05 (NS). Fasting blood sugar >0.05 (NS) Random blood sugar >0.05 (NS) P.values day 90 weight >0.05 (N.S), FBS>0.05 (N.S) 7RBS >0.05(N.S) NON SIGNIFICANT

FIGURE:2 Showing the periodic observation in all parameters in group 1 on day0 day 45& day-90.Mean values in weight (Kg) is 63.37,63.26,63.63, fbs (mg/dl) 172.7,165.04,153.37,RBS(mg/dl) 285.11,279.78,255.56.

TABLE NO3

Peroidic Observation in All Parameters Group11

Group 11 (Glibenclamide)

N=33

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0 to 45

Day-45 to 90

Weight

62.7

±1.56

65.64

±2.10

64.55

±1.92

>0.05(NS)

0.05(NS0

Fasting blood sugar

188.42

±12.05

168.45

±10.99

140.06

±5.68

>0.05(NS)

>0.05(S)

Random blood sugar

284.18

±17.03

220.12

±13.39

170.94

±5.80

<0.005 (MS)

0.002(MS0

(s) significant, (MS) moderate significant

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM.

Table No3:

Showing the periodic observation in all parameter in goup:11, Group:11 containing drug (Glibenclamide),no of patients (n=33).It’s P-value on day 0 to day 45 on weight >0.05(NS),FBS>0.05(N.S) RBS<0.005 (MS) <0.01- AND DAY 45 TO DAY 90 WEIGHT >0.05 (NS) FBS (0.05) RBS <0.002(M.S0 moderately significant.

Figure 3:Shwing the periodic observations in all parameters in Group 11 weight 62.7,65.64,64.55,FBS (MG/DL) 188.42,168.45 140.06,RBS(mg/dl) 284.18 220.12, 170.94 (on day-0-day 45 to 90).

DISCUSSION:

In Denmark Beck-Nielsenet al,skillman TG (1981) published studies demonstation that glyburide increased he number of receptors on the monocytes of patients with type 11 diabetes mellitus. Some patients were treated with diet and in cobination of second generation sulfonyureas agents Wie. The numbers of insulin receptors all patients were measured before and after the treatment.Intrvenous glucose test shows the persistent impairent of insulin secretion afterthe starting of drug therapy.However those patient who were on drug Pioglitazone some results were obtained of insulin secretion in the impairment in early drug drug therapy.Clinical observations have suggested that the second generation sulfonylureas may exert their effects by potentiating insulin released by other primary stimulators Insulin secreting drug.

According to the study of WilliamC Dukworth et al(1972), aftr the chronic treatment with sulfonylureas it is well documented that plasma insulin levels were decreased in response to oral glucose load. This apparently occures even though glucose tolerance is improved over pre-treatment, levels,present study clearly support that study.

The result og group 11 correlates with the research conducted by Bonnie &Kimmel (2005) produces the same results as FBS reduces from baseline, and at the end of study,with an overall 23.44%,reduction,while with the results showed at the end of study peroid p-value were (p<0,001).

Similarly Michael Alvarsson et al (2003) conducted a similar type of study and the found and overall changes of change of 22.11% in Fbs and 40.88% in Rbs at the end of trial p-value were (p<0.001).

However a study conducted by (Stone &Brown in (2003) didnot match to our results in the parameter of FBS and observer a reduction of 26.22%.

CONCLUSION:

In the light of study discussion it is obiovus the glibenclamide was more effective,tolerable and safer than pioglitzone in a short duration.Diabetes Mellitus is chronic prolong disease for whole life.Poor community can afford it easily,on base of marketing of this drug in pakistan diabetes patients easily go and purchase economically,in fact ,mostly people buy it from pharmacy without dr’s perscription,because pharmacist and patient both of know about this disease.Just like dispirin as analgesic,it is famous anti-diabetic drug in our states as compared of other anti-diabetic drugs.

REFERNCES:

1. Anderson J,Kendall,Perryman.S etal,”Diet and Diabettes” Diabetes 2006,16(3):17-19-
2. Bui H- Type 1 diabetes in childhood-Medicine 2006,3 ,1-3
3. Bernhard –Diabetes-type 11 diabetes mellitus Diabetes care 1995,19(100:12-17-
4. Clark CM-Oral therapyin type11 diabetes-pharmacological properties and clinical use of current use of currently available agents-Diabetes spectrum 1998,11(4):211-221.
5. Carren M.Types of Diabetes mellitus-Diabettes 2006 10 (3),07-
6. David Owerback NJ-Prevalence in diabetes population-Diabetes 1988,02(6):31-32
7. Dale MM,-Treatment of Diabetes mellitus –pharmacology 20035th edition:287-391.
8. Heller SR –Hypoglycemic in diabetes Ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic-Medicine 2006:34(03):102-110.
9. Jawad F Untraveling the mystry of Diabetes’Diabetes 2006;15(3):13-15.
10. Jacobes D-Insulin-Diabetes 1998;6(3);1160126.
11. Lambert and Bingliy-basic facts-medicine 2006,34(6):3-7.
12. Natters M-Ketoacdosis and hyperglycemia-Medicine 2006;34(3):104-106.
13. Power AC-Epidemiology of type11 diabetes Basic facts of diabetes –Diabetes 2005;1(1)7-9
14. Scarlet Oral therapy in type 11 diabetes sulfonylureas 1984;16(10);3-9.
15. Schade DS et al A placebo controlled randomized study of glimepiride in patients of Diabetes mellitus- Diabetes 19998, 38(7);636-641.
16. Warchman and Forouhi-Epidimology of Diabetes- Diabetes basic facts- Medicine 2006 ;34(2);57-60
17. Wheeler Gd- Aaccident dicovery led to the noble prize for canadian reseachers,2005,01-02.
18. WHO Report-Health-Diabetes Mellitus-Defiition and types of Diabetes 2007;1:1-4.

lalaghulamrasool bhurgri

Diabetes type 2 also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which appears when the insulin produced by the pancreas can not reduce the blood level of glucose. Sometimes diabetes appears when insulin is not produced in a sufficient quantity by the pancreas. The role of insulin is to take the glucose from the blood and lead it inside the body cells which use it to produce energy. If the level of glucose is too high in blood it will be eliminated by the kidneys in urine.

Diabetes type 1 is known to occur during childhood and was named as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pancreas is not able to produce the insulin any more as the cells responsible to this process have been destroyed by the body. These patients require insulin injections permanently.

Diabetes type 2 occurs mostly during adulthood and is found in 90% of the diabetic patients. In this case the insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities or it is not effective on the body cells. This type of diabetes occurs mostly in obese people and in those who have high levels of cholesterol in blood. Elder people can get affected of this type of diabetes too.

There is another type of diabetes called the gestational diabetes which sometimes occurs in women who are pregnant.

Genetics and family history also have an important role in determining whether diabetes type 2 will install or not. Also, having a sedentary lifestyle, eating junk food will only increase the risk of developing this affection.

Some other risk factors are: the age over 45, high blood pressure, HDL less than 35 mg/dl, triglycerides more than 250 mg/dl and a previous history of personal impaired glucose tolerance.

Most of the diabetes type 2 cases do not present any symptoms at all. In some cases increased thirst, appetite and urination might occur along with blurred vision, fatigue, infections, and erectile dysfunctions.

Diagnosing diabetes is made after the doctor sees the results of some tests. He will ask for fasting blood glucose level (it has to be higher than 126 mg/dl in order for the patient to have diabetes); non-fasting blood glucose level which leads to a suspicion of diabetes if higher than 200 mg/dl and along with symptoms of increased thirst, urination, and fatigue; and positive oral glucose tolerance test (if found higher than 200 mg/dl after 2 hours).

The treatment of diabetes focuses on eliminating the symptoms and keeping the blood glucose levels under control.

At first the doctor will recommend the patient to exercise daily and to keep a diet. Also, monitoring regularly the level of glucose in blood is essential for further treatment measures. If weight is being reduced type 2 diabetes can be managed quite easily along with keeping a diet and exercising. The doctor will help the patient to test his level of glucose in blood by its own; will let him know what he is allowed to eat and what he must avoid; will advise him what to do when he feels sick and will tell him where he can procure his diabetes supplies.

Testing the level of glucose in blood can be done by the patient without the doctor’s help. These tests are usually done before meals and at bedtime. The patient will monitor its level of glucose in blood with the help of a glucometer. This device shows quickly the results, in about 30 seconds. All the patient needs to do is prick his finger with a small needle attached to the glucometer and a drop of blood will appear on the finger. This drop of blood will be then placed on the glucometer’s test strip and the results will appear in no time. By keeping a record of the values obtained in several days by the glucometer the doctor will be able to set a more adequate treatment scheme for the patient.

Keeping a diet is very important along with exercising as it can help the overweight patient reach a satisfying weight and reduce the glucose level in blood in this way. The diet will be also set by the doctor and a nutritionist who will choose healthy foods for the patient, in adequate amounts, and will also set a schedule for taking meals.

So, if you want to find out more about diabetes or even about diabetes treatment please follow this link http://diabetes-info-center.com/

Groshan Fabiola
http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/essential-tips-in-managing-diabetes-type-2-symptoms-121319.html

(The way that fruits, beans, whole grains, vegetables and other vegetarian foods are actually shown to prevent disease)

Anemia, Low B12, and Hypoproteinaemia

Diabetes has become a common disease among people all over the world today. To combat the wide spread wings of diabetes, several modes of treatments have come up. But diabetes is not just a single disease. It comes in a package of its several forms. Of them the most deadly one is Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is also known as DKA. Diabetic Ketoacidosis is not triggered by itself. It is a consequence for an another diabetes. When diabetes mellitus goes untreated, it takes the shape of Diabetic ketoacidosis. If not taken care of properly, DKA can prove fatal to your life.

In a nut shell, Diabetes Ketoacidosis can be linked to an impaired glucose cycle that begins with the deficiency of the insulin enzyme in your body. If your diabetes goes undiagnosed you can suffer from this condition. And even if you are aware about your diabetic condition but still not taking any proper medication, then no body can stop you to fall in the trap of diabetic ketoacidosis. This form of diabetes is so much dangerous that if kept unnoticed the morality rate can be high as 100 percent.

It has been found that diabetic Ketoacidosis mainly occurs with type 1 diabetes. The reason being the fact that it is related to the circulating insulin disorder. On the other hand, it is less common in type 2 diabetes patients because type 2 diabetes is related to the cells insensitivity to insulin and not to the shortage of it.

Despite having high amount of glucose in the blood, the liver in your body will behave in a way as if your body is starving of glucose. In this case the liver will be forced to produce another type of fuel to fulfill the metabolic functions of your body. As a result the liver will be forced to use the body’s triglycerides to produce glucose. This glucose that will be produced will be used by the brain to carry on the functions. In this whole process, ketone bodies are produced as a by-product that help to process the fatty acids.

But like any disease, diabetic Ketoacidosis does have a treatment to it. The treatment mainly consists of the hydration process. Hydration lowers the osmosis property of the blood while replacing the lost electrolytes in it. In the process, insulin is also replaced which results in the production of glucose and potassium in the cells.

But still, prevention is better than cure. If you maintain a proper record of your glucose levels in the blood, the chances of you suffering from this disease remains bleak.

Ashish Jain
http://www.articlesbase.com/medicine-articles/diabetes-guide-what-is-diabetes-ketoacidosis-103716.html

What is Pre-diabetes? This is a fact that before developing diabetes mellitus type 2, almost always that patient develops Pre-diabetes condition. Though we will not diagnose that person as diabetic, but if he or she will not control his or her blood suger level, he will probably have diabetes mellitus in future. In pre-diabetes, blood sugar levels are in higher limits, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes mellitus. In USA only, more than 54 million people have pre-diabetes condition.During pre-diabetes damage to heart and circulatory system may already be occuring.

Various studies have shown that if you control your pre-diabetes condition earlier, then there are very less chances to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, or you can delay it to develop. So always try to manage your blood glucose under control limits when you are in pre-diabetic stage to prevent yourself from developing type 2 diabetes.

Do you have Pre-diabetes Condition, How to Tell? There are two important tests that can tell you that you are having pre-diabetes condition. 1-The fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) 2: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Your doctor can do any of these two tests. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test values for pre-diabetes are between 100mg/dl to 125mg/dl. If your glucose level is below 100mg/dl, then you have normal metabolism, if above 125mg/dl then you have Diabetes. It means if your level is between 100-125mg/dl, then you will have pre-diabetes. In case of OGTT, if less than 140mg/dl, then normal, between 140-200mg/dl is pre-diabetic condition and above 200mg/dl is diabetic condition.

How you can prevent pre-diabetes? Pre-diabetes can be very lethal to your health if you will not manage it seriously. Sooner or later you will probably have type 2 diabetes. There are two simple things that you can do to get rid of this pre-diabetes situation. You can also even get your glucose level within normal limits if you follow these 3 steps. A: Change in your diet habit. Try to avoid sweets in your diet. B: Half hour moderate exercise C: Weight reduction. Just 30 minutes daily moderate physical activity or exercise, along with a 5-10% reduction in body weight, can produce a 58% reduction in diabetes

Who should get tested for pre-diabetes? If you are overweight and above 45 years of age, then you should have your FPG and OGTT. If you are not overweight and above 45, should consult your doctor. If you are below 45 and overweight, you should also check your fasting plasma glucose level.

How often should I be tested? If you are having normal blood glucose levels you should have FPG test every 3 years. If you have pre-diabetes, you should be checked for type 2 diabetes every year after your diagnosis of pre-diabetes.

Children pre-diabetes Children have much less chances of developing pre-diabetes condition, however if they are very obese then one must think of pre-diabetes condition and get yourself be checked for pre-diabetes.

If you want to know more about Prediabetes Symptoms Diet Management , visit our site.

Armughan
http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/every-person-before-developing-type-2-diabetes-almost-always-has-prediabetes-70369.html